Ellerbe Creek Notes

Witness Tree Lost At Bennett Place

2011-10-27T10:23:00.000-04:00

Note: This post was originally published on another of my blogs in April of 2010. An update is below.

From April, 2010: Several months ago, Bennett Place lost part of its historic legacy. State workers, harvesting trees to use as firewood at another historic site, mistakenly cut down one of the old post oaks (Quercus stellata) in the woods along the nature trail.

I and other concerned volunteers, with the permission of the current site manager, had worked prior to the harvest to mark which trees to cut down, so that the post oaks could be saved. The logging would have been beneficial if only weedy species like loblolly pine and sweetgum were cut and removed. But the loggers nonetheless were allowed to cut one of the historic oaks.

Careful counting of the rings by a tree expert later showed the lost post oak to have been at least 146 years old. (The marker at the middle of the cross-section says "1864".) Such trees, termed "witness trees" because they were alive at the time of the historic Civil War surrender, are priceless.

Update, Oct. 2011: The witness trees at Bennett Place, located in the headwaters of Ellerbe Creek, continue to be threatened. After the accidental tree cutting, an area where the post oaks are growing was targeted for heavy foot traffic during a 145th anniversary event that year. I managed to talk the site manager into cordoning off the area, which included special native wildflowers planted by volunteers years prior.

On my most recent visit to the site, however, I was astonished to find that the area between two large post oaks was now being mowed and used for programming, despite the prior agreement to leave the area alone. Compaction of the soil could increase stress on the old trees.

Bennett Place is at risk of losing natural features that up to now have lent additional meaning and beauty to the visitor's experience.

New Invasive in Durham's Duke Forest Neighborhood

2010-04-10T11:04:00.001-04:00

Here is an exhilarating but scary detective story about a pretty but ecologically dangerous plant. After finding Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria, also known as fig buttercup) in a yard in the Ellerbe Creek watershed, which feeds the Neuse River watershed, I described the plant to my friend Perry, who knows Durham and the NC piedmont very well. He said he had seen the species in a backyard in the Duke Forest neighborhood, which drains into the Cape Fear River. He had at first wondered if it was a rare wildflower, until he later saw it running rampant over a stream restoration site in Greensboro, NC.

When he showed me the plants he had seen in the Duke Forest neighborhood yard, I began tracking them upstream, using the instinct I had developed in tracking the similarly invasive Garlic Mustard in the Ellerbe watershed.

Close up, the plant looks like this. These flower stalks seemed longer than those in the Watts-Hillandale neighborhood yard.

Upstream were a series of larger patches. I felt like a sleuth in a detective movie, or maybe it was the primal rush of the hunt--something our minds evolved for but seldom have the chance to do.

When the brush became too dense, I returned to the road to explore further upstream. At Pinecrest and McDowell, I found one of the plants growing on the curb, an odd location since the rest of the infestations had been down along the stream bank. Note the storm drain that feeds straight into the floodplain of the creek this road crosses.

I looked down into the woods near this curb, and found the floodplain blanketed with the invasive, showing just how dominant and exclusionary of any other low-growing species it can become. Lesser Celandine has the potential to outcompete the many native species of spring wildflowers, and thereby impact the wildlife whose taste buds have not evolved to eat exotic plants.

Though the neighborhood has the protection of speed limits and Neighborhood Watch, there has been no one looking out for exotic plants that are able to invade gardens and speed downstream to infest natural areas.

Upstream of the intersection, the trail went cold, meaning that the infestation must have been entering the creek there from one of the side streets.

I followed a false lead to the left, then headed up McDowell Street. Near the top of the rise, I saw a hillside of yellow and knew I'd found the source of the infestation.

It's hard to predict how the homeowners are going to respond when you knock on their door and let them know they have an ecological menace growing in their yard. But this time, the news was very well received. At first they were puzzled, then tremendously thankful for having someone explain what was going on with this super aggressive plant.

They had liked the flower at first, but had grown increasingly concerned as it invaded the Vinca minor they had hoped would populate the hillside. The blue flowers of the Vinca can be seen amidst the sea of yellow in the photo. Though Vinca minor can also be thought of as an invasive, it doesn't spread downstream to new areas like the Lesser Celandine does.

We speculated that the seeds or perhaps the underground bulbules of the invasive had been washed down the driveway, then down along the curb until they reached the creek at the bottom of the hill, where they quickly began to spread downstream.

I had to return to New Jersey the next day, but Perry said he would track the flower downstream to determine the extent of spread. This sort of invasives work benefits from a Swat Team mentality, where swift action determines whether the invasion can be stopped while still limited in scope. Once the plant stops blooming, it will be much harder to track. In another month or so, the plant will turn brown and "melt" back into the ground, where it will remain dormant and be invisible until it emerges again next spring.

Fortunately, the homeowner promised to spray the plants in his yard. He also said he'd remove the plant from his sister's yard in the headwaters of the Eno River, where he planted some before realizing how invasive it can be. In speculating how it might have gotten into his yard, he remembered having gotten compost from the Durham landfill somewhere between five and ten years ago.

This means a visit to the Durham landfill compost site, long since closed, is in order, to see if there is an infestation there. Still to be determined is how to deal with all the plants that have already spread down the creek.

A Wetland Garden Survives at Durham's Williams Water Treatment Plant

2010-04-10T05:09:00.000-04:00

If you drive west on Hillsborough Road, past the Durham city reservoir, glance towards the reservoir and you will see a special but largely unnoticed feature with a long history. When it rains, stormwater from the road flows down this slope and settles in a circular area surrounded by lawn. Swampy, hard to mow, it proved a perfect place to put a wetland garden.

The white sign, installed by the city and visible in this photo, says "This Natural Area Maintained By Volunteers From the Watts-Hillandale Neighborhood Association."

Well, sort of.

On March 30, two volunteers showed up to give this wetland garden a much needed spring cleaning. Cynthie Kulstad lives in the Northgate Park neighborhood, and is preserve manager for the Ellerbe Creek Watershed Association. I'm a former member of the Watts-Hillandale neighborhood now living in New Jersey.

It's fair to ask what's so special about this place, other than its location next to a beautiful, historic water plant. Why would two people descend on a drab-looking cluster of dried stalks to work on a hot spring day for two hours?

Here's one of them, the remains of the flower stalk of wild senna, a beautiful native wildflower that thrives in wet soils. Some years back, we planted this and other wetland wildflowers here, taking advantage of the consistently wet ground.

Elsewhere on the reservoir grounds, a demonstration xeroscape garden was planted in the early 90's with grant funds. I'm sure the garden looked great. It won an award, then went in to steady decline due to poor maintenance by untrained city staff. After moving to the Watts-Hillandale neighborhood in 1995, I organized neighborhood volunteers to try to ressurrect the gardens, which were in three "pods" over near Hillandale Road. We made some progress, but the dry conditions there made the garden susceptible to drought.

After a few years of experience growing native plants in Durham, and after lugging many a bucket of water during extended droughts, I figured out that the easiest way to sustain a wildflower garden is to locate it in a wet, sunny area.

Thus, we finally got smart and moved the remaining plants to the lowest ground at the reservoir, where this brick-lined spring once quenched the thirst of golfers playing what used to be the third hole of Hillandale Golf Course. The water is muddy because the site now receives runoff from Hillsborough Road during rains. But I love this hidden historic feature, and the mystery of how a spring could have been so close to a ridge dividing the Neuse and Cape Fear river basins. (Hillsborough Road runs along that ridge.)

Along with the periodic influx of water from the road, this garden's longevity owes to it being cared for by knowledgeable gardeners rather than untrained staff with little interest in plants. City maintenance crews are good at mowing grass, however, and we are thankful to them for respecting the boundaries of this garden.

Since I now live in NJ, it's hard to do much maintenance myself. You can tell that no one in the neighborhood has yet fallen in love with this garden, because it was getting overrun by brambles, and one of the weed trees was ten feet high. It's a callery pear, a noxious, thorny invasive tree whose shade was a threat to the sun-loving wildflowers.

We cut and treated the tree sprouts, cut, trampled and treated as much of the brambles as we could, flattened the old flower stems so they could rot back into the ground, and admired all the wild senna, cutleaf coneflower and iris emerging. Without this periodic selective weeding, the wildflowers would fade away under a wave of brambles and trees. In coming months, this wetland garden will bloom and provide food, water and cover for wildlife in what is otherwise a large expanse of turf.

The garden could use more attention. Even someone unskilled with caring for native plants could come by and pick up the litter carried down the hill by the stormwater. Its a fine destination for any neighbor wishing to combine an evening walk with a little care for the neighborhood.

But in the meantime, Cynthie and I did the basic maintenance. A garden kept going by four hours of work per year? That's the magic of a wetland garden.

INVASIVE ALERT: Lesser Celandine Found in Watershed

2010-04-06T12:03:00.000-04:00

While visiting Durham this past week, I was driving through the Watts Hospital-Hillandale neighborhood when I saw a blaze of yellow and thought "Oh, oh."

First time I saw this plant, in Princeton, NJ, I thought it was pretty. Then I saw how it was spreading rapidly through nature preserves, displacing native wildflowers as it forms dense, impenetrable colonies.

I happened to know the woman whose yard it was growing in, and stopped to knock on her door. She gave me a tour. She was quite proud of the yellow flower (Ranunculus ficaria--sometimes called Fig Buttercup or Lesser Celandine), and had received many compliments from neighbors on its beauty.

She had, though, noticed that it was starting to take over.

In the five or so years since it spontaneously showed up in her yard, it had spread along her walkway, made blotchy mounds in her front lawn,

and even started to push back on her english ivy.

It's hard to ask any homeowner who has been pleased with a flower to begin viewing it as an ecological threat to the watershed. Just beyond this quickly spreading patch in her backyard is a small tributary of Ellerbe Creek, which in turn is a tributary of the Neuse River.

If, or more likely, when, the lesser celandine in her yard gets in to the creek, it will spread rapidly downstream.

But it's pretty, one might say, and survival of the fittest is nature's law. But this exotic plant left its natural predators back in Europe, and so has an unnatural competitive advantage over native species. Since nothing appears to eat it, any floodplain or yard that Lesser Celandine comes to dominate will become devoid of food to sustain wildlife.

The best thing that can happen in this instance is to have the invasive sprayed, and replaced with plants that won't take over. If the homeowner can be convinced the lesser celandine is a menace, there's hope it can be stopped before it spreads to the creek.

For a fact sheet on this plant, go to: http://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wgw/lessercelandine.pdf Note that the distribution map doesn't even show it as having spread yet to NC.

Painted Buckeye

2009-01-24T07:30:00.001-05:00

Painted buckeye is a native shrub common on the low bluffs overlooking Ellerbe Creek at Glennstone. It blooms in early April.

Sun-Loving Prairie Wildflowers of Glennstone

2008-12-15T11:16:00.002-05:00

Walking along the trails of ECWA's nature preserve at Glennstone, downstream from Durham, out towards Falls Lake, you will find many wildflowers that still flourish where trees have yet to cast their shadow. In the first photo is Carolina rose (Rosa carolina), a low-growing rose common at Glennstone. My most memorable encounter with this flower was in the middle of a very hot day when the landscape had already been parched by severe drought. Fortunately, I "stopped to smell the roses", and was rewarded by a fragrance sweet and soft, refreshing as a cool drink after a long trek through the desert.

Snowdrops, a kind of primrose, is another bright flower in May.

The last photo is of Round-Headed Bushclover, the native wildflower at Glennstone that I have encountered growing nowhere else in all my travels. It's discussed in a previous post on this website.

Native Flowers Near the Landfill

2008-12-15T07:35:00.001-05:00

One of the richest deposits of irony paradoxide in the Ellerbe Creek watershed is at the Durham city landfill, which was closed some years back and planted with grass to protect the clay cap carefully spread over several decades' worth of Durham's garbage.

People tend not to have fond associations with landfills, but this one is an extraordinary landscape. Essentially a mountain, it boasts an extraordinary panoramic view of Durham county. Watching a glorious sunset there years back, I saw fifteen wild turkeys foraging just down the slope. Many years ago, during a tour, while the landfill was still in operation, a city councilwoman who had recently returned from Africa gazed out across the side of the landfill, turned bronze by broomsedge grass in the winter, and said it reminded her of the Serengeti. At the time of its closure, residents living nearby had requested that it be turned into something akin to a botanical garden. Currently, the landfill is not open to the public.

Though the landfill is a profoundly altered landscape, along its edges are some of the best preserved remnants of Durham's natural heritage, as can be seen in the first photo. Looking across a beaver pond, you can see the landfill rising in the distance. But in the foreground is a pinxter azalea, a beautiful native shrub that is rarely seen in the watershed.

Growing near the azalea is a patch of blue crested iris, which, if one can judge by the ten foot wide clone, has been growing there a very, very long time.

Viburnum dentatum (3rd photo) is another of the less common natives growing there. Their prevalence suggests that the small slope next to the beaver pond was never plowed.

Very close by is another rich remnant of native plant diversity, also on city land. Though it looks like a plain bit of roadside grass under a powerline (fourth photo), it in fact harbors some 60 native species of wildflowers and grasses, including big bluestem--the dominant grass of the tall grass prairies in the midwest.

Most people don't know that bison once lived in what is now North Carolina (traces of a bison migration route can still be found north of Durham), or that in precolonial times the piedmont was a mosaic of forest and prairie.

Remnants like this one near the landfill, which survives only because roadsides were left unplowed and trees are prevented from growing under powerlines, serve as valuable windows into an extraordinary past. Because this remnant is biologically special and irreplaceable, ECWA officially adopted it some years ago, through an arrangement with Duke Energy, to prevent it from being sprayed with herbicides. ECWA maintains the site by cutting down any tree growth.

One of the unusual wildflowers growing in this roadside prairie remnant is leather flower (Clematis ochroleuca). Unlike the clematis we're accustomed to seeing, this species is not a vine but instead stands erect. Leather flower is one of a number of rare wildflowers in the piedmont that only grows on a soil called diabase, named for the characteristic rock from which it forms.

The sustainability of this site's rich botanical legacy would be greatly enhanced by expanding it into the adjacent city-owned land.

A Detention Basin Becomes a Wetland

2008-12-14T06:02:00.001-05:00

Neighbors weren't too happy when a large swath of land was cleared to make this detention basin. The developer, who had long wished there were a way to make these government-required stormwater features more attractive, was sympathetic to the homeowners' strident complaints.

With the help of the Ellerbe Creek Watershed Association (ECWA), to which the developer had donated 82 acres adjoining the new subdivision, a plan came together to transform the unsightly detention basin into a wetland full of native wildflowers.

This all sounds well-intended--the sort of ambitious project that would never quite come to fruition--but in this case everyone involved followed through. ECWA provided a detailed plant list. The developer designed and installed a walkway and pergola overlooking the basin, and paid a landscaper to do the planting. Volunteers from ECWA worked with neighbors to plant additional native grasses and shrubs on the slopes, which had previously been seeded with annual grass to prevent erosion.

The last two photos show the basin in May of 2008, as it began its third growing season. The basin has in fact been transformed into a wetland, with soft rush, pickerelweed, cattails and other native plants.

The one less than ideal aspect is that the cattails will likely take over the whole basin unless controlled in some way. But having gone into the project with both enthusiasm and some skepticism about whether such a feel-good transformation, from ugly pit to verdant wetland, could actually be achieved, I'd have to say the it's been a great success.

Nature and Culture at Glennstone Preserve

2008-12-14T05:35:00.000-05:00

Just to the west of the preserve, at the end of Davie Drive, is an impressive assemblage of antique vehicles and farm equipment rusting in the sun. Some would consider them a blight on the landscape. I see them as historic scuptures, evidence of the lower valley's past, mixing with the rushes and cattails that thrive in the wet ground. The tradition of mixing sculpture and garden is alive and well in the piedmont, whether at the N.C. Botanical Garden some fifteen miles to the south, where the sculptures are actually intended, or in this casual juxtaposition in the lower Ellerbe Creek watershed.

In the second photo, Bushclovers and Eupatoriums thrive in the sunlight above a sewer line that runs underground through the preserve. Long ago, these wildflowers would have grown where periodic fire limited tree growth. Now, with fire banished from the landscape, these shade-intolerant species survive only where trees are prevented from growing--along roadsides and sewer right of ways.

Healing Construction Wounds at Glennstone

2008-12-14T05:21:00.000-05:00

This detention basin caught sediment from the Glennstone housing development during construction. After the houses were up, it was left to be reclaimed by whatever would grow there. Some seeds were already in the soil from years or decades past. Others came in by bird, wind or stormwater.

In the foreground of the first photo is one pleasant surprise--passion flower, a vine that spreads underground and sends up shoots each year with beautiful, incredibly complex flowers.

In the second photo is Butterfly Pea, a native legume with large pink flowers that crawls along the ground.

These first two plants prefer the dry ground on the berm. The last photo shows Woolgrass, an attractive native sedge that thrives in the low spots still fed by runoff from yards up the hill.

An Old Spring at Glennstone Preserve

2008-12-14T05:06:00.002-05:00

Just down the hill from the remains of a summer cottage, next to a rocky creek, is the remains of a spring where the owners of the cottage must have gotten their water. A small pipe sticks out of this half circle of stone, near the bottom. The ground there is consistently wet, but I've never seen water actually flowing out of the pipe. Perhaps there's a way to clean out the spring and allow it to flow again.

Within a few feet of the spring grows a JoePyeWeed, a tall wildflower found nowhere else in the preserve. Apparently, the stable water source allowed the plant to survive droughts.

Glennstone Notes for Signage

2008-12-13T11:46:00.001-05:00

Concept 1 for Sign: What makes Glennstone Preserve special?

I. GEOLOGY:

DIABASE GLADES (Jurassic Diabase in Triassic Basin, Iredell soils)

Following excerpt from A GEOLOGIC ADVENTURE ALONG THE ENO RIVER-Information Circular 35 by NC Geologic Survey (p.25):

DIKES AND SILLS INTRUDE THE TRIASSIC BASIN AND INTO CAROLINA TERRANE ROCKS

MAFIC magma from deep in the earth welled up through fractures in the crust at the beginning of the Jurassic period (approximately 195-205 million years ago). This magma intruded the sediments of the Triassic basin and surrounding crystalline rocks of the Carolina terrane. At the same time, to the east of the Durham Triassic basin, the main rift separating the North American and African continents was growing, causing the continents to slowly move away from each other. Mafic magma also welled up through the main rift zone, known as the mid-Atlantic ridge, and provided the raw material for the expanding ocean basin. In the Durham Triassic basin, the magma solidified into rock known as diabase. Diabase is a mafic rock with a composition similar to ocean floor basalts.

In the Durham Triassic basin, diabase is more resistant than surrounding sandstones and siltstones it intrudes and often forms resistant ridges in the Durham area. Penny’s Bend on the Eno River is underlain by diabase. Diabase is composed of minerals that contain abundant iron and magnesium in comparison to the Triassic sediments. Because of the abundance of iron and magnesium, unique plant communities sometimes develop on top of areas underlain by diabase (e.g. The Diabase Glades).

My note: I included this because it so well explains, with the aid of a geological map that is included in this circular, diabase glades. (You can even see sills on Glen Road near Club Blvd. on this map!) Of course, it is way too complex for interpretive sign but helpful perhaps when writing concepts, geological timeline or maps.

2. PLANT COMMUNITIES:

A. TWO TYPES OF UNUSUAL (for Piedmont) PLANT COMMUNITIES: PRAIRIE/MEADOW AND POST OAK FOREST. (we need to check the Natural Heritage Program's description of plant communities to see which ones fit Glennstone)

B. MORE DIVERSITY PLANTS WITHIN COMMUNITIES, due to north-facing slope, lack of plowing, and presence of diabase soils.

3. GLENNS HOMESITE:

FIRST(?) COLONIAL SETTLEMENT (Old homesite ruins may be nearby)
LARGE PIECE OF NORTH SLOPING LAND RELATIVELEY UNDISTURBED (logged in last decades of 1900’s, but not plowed or developed). This affected swift return to forest saplings. Other factors can affect and interrupt successional stages as well….

4. PROXIMITY TO ELLERBE CREEK AND Alluvial corridor of MATURE FOREST extending down to and around Falls Lake. Provides intact corridor for wildlife.

5. PROXIMITY TO HERON ROOKERY.

6. Borders Glenn Cemetery, with headstones dating back to 1700s.

Concept 2 for Sign

The second potential concept for the interpretive sign would focus on succession, but not present succession as an inevitable shift from herbaceous to mature forest, but instead use a double arrow (a two-way street, essentially) between prairie and forest, with natural forces such as fire, along with anthropogenic forces like logging and mowing, pushing the plant community towards prairie, while successional forces push towards trees.

We can point out that some areas are resisting tree growth on their own--most likely due to stronger diabase characteristics in the soil that discourage tree growth.

What Makes the Glennstone Preserve Special

2008-12-08T05:54:00.000-05:00

The Glennstone Nature Preserve, owned and managed by the Ellerbe Creek Watershed Association in Durham, NC, is made special not only by what lies within its borders, but also what can be found close by.

The plants are more diverse than usual at Glennstone in part because much of the preserve slants down towards the north. A "north-facing slope" is more protected from the sun's rays, and so stays more evenly moist through the year. This helps many kinds of plants survive that would otherwise die out during harsh droughts.

The soil here is also special. Glennstone contains large areas of diabase soil, which is less acidic than other piedmont soils. Some of the rarest plant species in North Carolina grow only in this soil type. Because this soil type was not believed to be good for farming, much of the preserve was spared the plow, which would otherwise have obliterated the native plants. The preserve does contain two small fields that once were farmed, containing much less plant diversity than the unfarmed areas.

Glennstone also has two rock-strewn tributaries of Ellerbe Creek flowing through it. The remnants of a cottage dating back to the 19th century (?) can be found on a bluff overlooking one of the creeks, with an old spring nearby.

But the quality of any preserve is affected by what surrounds it. In this regard, Glennstone is especially lucky. Just to the north of the preserve, Ellerbe Creek flows through federally owned mature floodplain forest on its way to what is now Falls Lake (formerly the Neuse River). Like all waterways, Ellerbe Creek serves as an important wildlife corridor, and Glennstone no doubt gets visited frequently by wildlife moving up and down the creek. Pileated woodpeckers have been seen in the floodplain woods. There's been evidence of bobcats coming through. Woodcocks do their spring mating flights in the more open areas of the preserve, and quail were common in the years after logging and before trees began once again to claim the land.

You may have seen large birds with folded necks overhead, flying steady and straight. These are great blue herons, coming and going from their roosts in tall trees on city land just to the west of the preserve.

Also just west, on a bluff overlooking the preserve, is the Glenn Cemetery, where headstones date back to the 18th century.

Native and Exotic Bushclovers at Glennstone

2008-12-06T04:23:00.003-05:00

Found nowhere else in the Ellerbe Creek watershed, the Round-Headed Bushclover (Lespedeza capitata) is a special plant species in the Glennstone Preserve. Needing lots of sunlight to prosper, it grows in clearings and especially along the sewer line right of way, which is a utilitarian name for a very attractive ribbon of grasses and wildflowers that threats through the preserve. The right of way is kept free of trees to allow access for maintenance of the sewer line buried beneath.

The large seeds of Round-Headed Bushclover are an important food for quail, wild turkey and mourning doves.

In the fourth photo you can see seeds from three kinds of bushclover at Glennstone. The largest, upper left in the photo, are from the round-headed bushclover. The next largest are from Slender Bushclover (Lespedeza virginica), which is also a native.

The smallest seeds in the photo are from a highly invasive exotic called Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata). Originally planted by the Dept. of Transportation for erosion control, it is now considered a noxious weed in 46 states. Though its seeds were thought to be good for wildlife, it is now believed that its small seeds move through birds undigested.

The exotic lespedeza has been invading the Glennstone Preserve along the sewer line, and is aggressive enough to completely displace the native bushclovers that wildlife need for food. ECWA has been working to eradicate this noxious weed from the preserve before it does more damage. The exotic lespedeza has a white flower, which is useful in distinguishing it from the pink-flowered native Slender Bushclover (last photo).

More information about the Round-Headed Bushclover can be found at http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/rh_bushcloverx.htm

Spring Cleaning in a Wetland Garden

2008-11-22T11:42:00.001-05:00

(I'm going through old photos, posting them regardless of season.)
Signs don't always have power to dictate reality, but at this spot in Durham, on a sunny day in mid-April, 2006, reality reflected very well the sign's brave pronouncement.

A wetland garden needs little care, but for a couple key points in the year. We leave the previous year's growth in place through the winter and early spring, so the city mowing crews have a clear visual cue as to the boundaries of the garden.

Then, when spring's new growth was high enough not to be mistaken for grass, ECWA board member Steve Cohn and family pulled out the old, dead stems so they wouldn't shade out the new growth.

Before long, any remnants of last year's stems will disappear beneath the lush growth of Iris, Amsonia, cutleaf coneflower and other showy native wildflowers that thrive in this wet ground.

The wetland garden is located at the Durham City reservoir, just down the slope from Hillsborough Road.

Each Bench Must Have Its Tree

2008-11-18T01:47:00.000-05:00

In 2000, the West Ellerbee Creek Trail was born, and with it a bench to rest the weary traveler. Round this bench, the city planted some Korean dogwoods, well-developed and probably expensive, to make for an instant effect. Being a species of very modest size, however, they would never have grown tall enough to spare the bench the scorching heat of a North Carolina summer sun, even if most of them had survived subsequent neglect.

These fundamental things apply. Each bench must have its shade tree, and so I planted one just south of the bench--a fine river birch that, as time goes by, will cool the pavement and bench beneath its vaulted spreading limbs. It seemed like the obvious thing to do, yet you'd be surprised how many new benches, swings and jungle gyms get plunked down in parks without any prospects for future shade.

Only gardeners, perhaps, have an imagination trained to anticipate the scorching metal of summers to come, and the patience to plant a tree whose gift of shade may begin ten years down life's trail.

One other fundamental thing applies, often forgotten. Each planted tree, no matter how well placed, must have its caretaker to see it through the first year or two or even three, given the NC piedmont's extended droughts.

And so this tree owes its life, and the bench and all who sit in it in years to come owe its shade, to Tony Tschopp, who lived up the street and kept it in mind, and watered it through the droughts of its early days. I don't get to Durham very often, but one of these times, I'll sit on that well-shaded bench on a bright summer's day, and think of all the simple acts of caring of which future comfort is composed.